SHOE POLISH.

INTRODUCTION: In modern day Engineering, scientist are carrying out some research trying to minimize the amount of resources spent on production so in this project you will be seeing one of this work in terms of using some locally made material.A waste product tends to be one of the major causes of environmental pollution, which is a problem to both the environment and its habitant. It is very important that these waste products are at their minimum. In so doing, the production of some product from locally made source that is waste product will tend to serve as a way of environmental sanitation and also as a way of managing our natural resources.Due to the limited resources available in the production of consumer products and the high demand of the consumers, the recycling of used products into other useful materials plays an important role in the production industry.We shall also look at the various ways in which shoe polish can be produce using battery extract (carbon black). Used battery most times is a waste which consist of component which are harmful to health. As a result of it’s harmful effects of living things, it is very important that battery waste are collected and recycled into other useful product.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: The main objective of this study is to produce shoe polish using an extract from a leclanche’s dry cell battery (a mixture of manganess dioxide and powdered carbon as a dye in the shoe polish and to produce high quality shoe polish.1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYThis study illustrates the essentials of recycling waste product into other useful materials. For example, the recycling of waste product will result in the reduction of environmental pollution. Also to produce shoe polish of shiny luster, easily applied and of long and good durability. It should also be less toxic.

CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 DEFINITION OF SHOE POLISH Shoe polish or boost polish, usually a waxy paste or a clean, is a consumer product used to shine, water proof, and restore the appearance of letter shoes or boost, thereby extending the footwear’s life (1)2.2 USAGE OF SHOE POLISH Shoe polish is applied to the shoe using a ray, cloth or brush. Shoe polish is not a cleaning production and therefore the footwear should be both clean and dry before application. A vigorous rubbing action to apply the polish evenly on the boot, followed by further buffering with a clean dry cloth or brush, usually provides good results. Another technique, known as spit-polishing or sweating, involves gently rubbing polish into the leather with a cloth and a drop of water or spit. This achieves the mirror-like, high-gloss finish as a spit shine which is especially valued in military organization. Polishes containing carnouba wax can be used as a protective coating to extend the life and look of a leather shoe. A less time-consuming method of achieving a high gloss finish is to buff the shoe with a nylon legging (1)

COMPOSITION OF SHOE POLISH

Shoe polish consist of a waxy colloidal emulsion, a substance compose of a number of partially immiscible liquids and solids mixed together. It is usually made from ingredients including some or all of naphtha, lanolin, turpentine, wax often carnuba was gum Arabic, ethylene glycol, and if required a colourant or dye, such as carbon black, it typically has a specific gravity of 0.8, is negligible soluble in water, and is made between 65% and 77% volatiles- usually naphtha. The high amount of volatile substance means that the shoe polish will dry out and harder after application, while rationing shine. Lanolin, hydrophilic grease from wool-bearing animals such as sheep or goats, acts as both a waterproofing agent, giving the shoe polish its greasy feel and texture. It also prevents the naphtha from evaporating until the polish has been spread and buffed into a thin film on the leather surface. An essential ingredient in shoe polish is a thickener, without this the polish would be too runny, making it difficult to use. Gum Arabic, a substance from two sub-Sahara species of the acacia tree is commonly used to increase the viscosity of the product.

TOXICOLOGY OF SHOE POLISH: Many shoe polishes contain toxic chemicals. These can be absorbed through the skin, or inhaled: Although some shoe polish manufacture claims their product to be non-toxic, many do not list their ingredients. When handling shoe polish, one should ideally wear gloves, refrain from drinking alcohol and stay in a well ventilated area. Shoe polish should also be kept one of reach of children and animals. It is extremely toxic to birds particularly budgerigars. It can stain the skin for a protracted period of time, and will cause irritation to the eye if there is direct contact. (4)2.5 DISPOSAL OF SHOE POLISH Shoe polish should be treated as a hazardous substance, when being disposed off. Rags that have come into contact with polish should also be discarded in accordance local guidelines for hazardous materials. If permitted by local regulations, shoe polish can be safely incinerated. 2.6 METHOD OF MANUFACTURE Various substances have been used in the production of shoe polish for hundreds of years, starting with natural substances such as wax and tallow Shoe polish can be manufactured using large rates, reasonably powerful heaters and an air conditions. There is no set method of manufacture; although most method use pressure of two atmospheres to ensure the naphtha does not boil off, and temperature of up to 85%. The first step in the manufacture of a typical shoe polish is the melting of the wax with the highest melting point in an electric heater. Following this, all other waxes point. Whist this wax is held at a constant temperature, the emulsion – a mixture of the various oils and if used, fats are then heated separately at around 85%C. the heated emulsion is then added to the waxes, along with distilled water. When the mixture reaches around 800C, turpentine oil is added. This mixture is then mixed and continually stilled for half an hour.

TOXICOLOGY OF SHOE POLISH: Many shoe polishes contain toxic chemicals. These can be absorbed through the skin, or inhaled: Although some shoe polish manufacture claims their product to be non-toxic, many do not list their ingredients. When handling shoe polish, one should ideally wear gloves, refrain from drinking alcohol and stay in a well ventilated area. Shoe polish should also be kept one of reach of children and animals. It is extremely toxic to birds particularly budgerigars. It can stain the skin for a protracted period of time, and will cause irritation to the eye if there is direct contact.

DISPOSAL OF SHOE POLISH: Shoe polish should be treated as a hazardous substance, when being disposed off. Rags that have come into contact with polish should also be discarded in accordance local guidelines for hazardous materials. If permitted by local regulations, shoe polish can be safely incinerated.

METHOD OF MANUFACTURE: Various substances have been used in the production of shoe polish for hundreds of years, starting with natural substances such as wax and tallow Shoe polish can be manufactured using large rates, reasonably powerful heaters and an air conditions. There is no set method of manufacture; although most method use pressure of two atmospheres to ensure the naphtha does not boil off, and temperature of up to 85%. The first step in the manufacture of a typical shoe polish is the melting of the wax with the highest melting point in an electric heater. Following this, all other waxes point. Whist this wax is held at a constant temperature, the emulsion – a mixture of the various oils and if used, fats are then heated separately at around 85%C. the heated emulsion is then added to the waxes, along with distilled water. When the mixture reaches around 800C, turpentine oil is added. This mixture is then mixed and continually stilled for half an hour.4ncfy Dyes, such as carbon blanks, are added and, mixed in turpentine oils if it is not a neutral polish. The mixed mass is reduced slowly to 500C, and as its viscosity increased, it is poured enough a closed funnel into a cooling chamber. The poured mass is allowed to settle slowly, providing uniform distribution. The process is considered straight forward and the required is relatively easy to acquire.

MODERN WAYS OF PRODUCING SHOE POLISH: While a number of older heater presenting products existed (including the risk heater punch, which was first made in 1851, and the German Brand, Erdal, which went on sale in 1901), the first shoe polish to resemble the modern varieties claimed primarily at including shine) was Kiwi Scottish expatriates William Ramsey and Hamilton McKesson began making “boot polish” in a small factory in 1904 in Melbourne, Australia. Their formula was a major improvement on previous brands. It preserved shoe leather, made it shine, and restored colour. By the time Kiwi incorporated agents that added suppleness and water resistance. Australian-made boot polish was then considered the world’s best black and a range of colours become available, and exports to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand began. It has been suggested that, at a time when several symbols were weakly associated with New Zealand the world enhanced spared of Kiwi shoe polish around the World enhanced Kiwi’s popular demand and promoted it at the expense of the others. The cost of establishing shoe polish manufacturing facilities has been estimated at around $600,000 (as of 2005). Above #87,000.000 Shoe polish manufacturing facilities has been estimated at around $600,000 (as of 2005). Above #87,000.000 Shoe polish is traditionally packaged in flat, round, 60-gram (2-ounce) tins, usually with an easy-open facility. Because of amount of shoe polish that needs to be apply is small, and the shoe polish will desiccate die to volatile ingredients, such as naphtha, a large container would dry out before being fully used. The traditional flat, round tins have since become synonymous with shoe polished. (5) Shoe polish produces are low-value items that are infrequently purchased. Demand is inelastic or largely insensitive to price change, and sales volumes are generally low. In the shoe polish market as a whole, some 26% of sales are accounted for by pastes, 24% by creams, 23% by aerosols, and 13% by liquids. In recent years, the demand for shoe polish products has either been static or declined; one reason is that gradual replacement of formal foot were with sealers for everyday use. There are numerous brands available as well as store brand. There are two chef areas of shoe polish sales: to the general public, and to specialist and trade, such as shoe repairers, and cobblers. The sales percentages between the two outlets are roughly comparable.

Kiwi remain the most predominant shoe polish brand around the world, being sold over 180 countries and holding a 53% market share worldwide. Today; it is manufactured in Australia, Canada, France, South Africa, United Kingdom etc,. Other leading brand include shinola, Lincoln shoe polish, Meltonian, and Cherry Blossom. In India, shoe sine boys are known as booth polish boys, and can still be found in operation today, particularly at railway station.

QUALITY SHOE POLISHES PROVIDE EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE IN THESE AREAS ? High shine finish? Very high hydroplobility? Oleoplobility? Ease of cleaning? Covering stuff marks? Provide suppleness? Vapor permeability.Paste wax, cream polish, or liquid polish dispensed I aerosol, applicator pad, tins or even disposable shoe wipes……whatever their shape and form, many quality shoe polishes use Dow Corning Silicones. Traditional. Paste Products (containing a high level of waxes) Dow Corning silicones increase buffing and shine with a uniform, water resistant, protective but vapour permeable film. Cream-type products (emulsion containing water) their composition is however very similar to that of the pastes. Dow Coning Silicone provides very valuable characteristics in many types of shoe polish. Aerosol and applicator pad formulations their composition is substantially difference in that they have a slightly lower overall solids level and often are solvent free. They principally use silicone and wax emulsions to achieve the desire properties, and Dow Corning Silicones are an excellent choice in these applications shoe wipes. The use of Silicone and Wax emulsions, when modified with rheological additives, can also provide the desired properties for this application. Additionally, this form can incorporate a blend of neat silicones.

METHODOLOGY:
3.2.1 Paraffin Wax. This is white solid substance room temperature that serves as a thickener in slow polish. It melt into liquid when heated at 85oC and also solidifies at 37oc when allowed to cool after heating without this wax in shoe polish, the polish will be too runny making it difficult to used.3.2.2 Paraffin this is a viscous liquid that gives the shoe polish it’s glossy feature and also adds to the viscosity of the shoe polish.3.2.3 Lanolin: This is hydrophilic grease from wool bearing animal silk as sheep or goats. It acts as both a water proofing wax and a bonding agent, giving the shoe polish its greasy feel and texture. It prevents the mineral spirit from evaporating until the polish has been spread and buffed into a thin film on the shoe surface.3.2.4 Turpentine this is used to give the shoe it’s shiny appearance. It constitutes one of the major components of the shoe polish. It also prevents the shoe polish from drying quickly.3.2.5 Battery extract: This is a black mixture of manganese dioxide and powdered carbon gotten form a leclanche’s dry cell. It has a sandy texture and is not completely soluble in water or other liquids like turpentine but it forms precipitates which settles at the bottom of the liquid, with constant stirring and heating, it tends to dissolve.3.2.6 Mineral spirit: This is a volatile liquid that serves as a preservative to the shoe polish and also prevent the drying off of the shoe polish.

METHOD OF PRODUCTION 40g of paraffin was melted using a pan, by means of a heater, whilst the wax was held at a constant temperature, 30g of lanolin was added to the already melted wax and it was allowed to melt wax and it was allowed to melt completely. 40ml of paraffin oil was heated separately at around 80oC, then the melted paraffin, usually. Using a mixer, 30g of the battery extract was dissolved in 70ml of turpentine and stirred continuously to allow complete dissolution of the battery extract in the turpentine. The solution is then added to the mixture of the paraffin wax, paraffin oil and lanolin with a continuous stirring at 80oC for it to mix properly. After the proper mixing, the pan was put down from the heater and cool down to 45% before adding 10ml of mineral spirit and it was stirred for about two minutes before pouring it into the container and it was left to solidity. The glossy and shiny finish was possible as an result of the combination of the individual constituents of polish. The paraffin oil was the major impact of this shine. It reflected high rays on it. The characteristics drying out of polish is made possible by the presence of valuables. Once evaporate they leave behind a thin, waxy solid on the surface to which polish was applied. For cracks to be eliminated or completely avoided, binders and emulsifiers such as Gum Arabic should be added to the polish during production. Through expensive, Gum Arabic is an essential ingredient in shoe polish manufacturing (production). The cracking of polish might affect the surface of the shine as well. This can lead to the breaking of the shoe surface and hence reduce the life span of the leather.

CHAPTE FOURRESULT AND DISCUSSION4.1 RESULTOBTAINED FROM PRODUCTION On using a stated formula for the production of shoe polish, a solid polish was obtained. When the shoe polish was tried on a leather, by use of a brush, the characteristic small of regular shoe polish was perceived. The polish dried on time, through retaining it’s characteristic shine, but to a lesser degree than available standard polish. Another result obtained after production was some lines of fracture or cracks on the surface of the polish, clearly visible to the eye.4.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The polish obtained after production was solid. The reason behind this is because of the use of paraffin wax, it retains physical, solid characteristics at ordinary temperatures.CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 CONCLUSION From the bill of quantities, this project cost #3,.500. Based on this it can be concluded that this project is a bit expensive the unit cost of this project can be considerably reduced by mass production. However, this project can be further improved when produced in a manufacturing company where there are good manufacturing facilities. The cost of establishing shoe polish manufacturing facilities has been estimated around $600,000. Shoe polish is traditionally package in flat found 60 gramm (2-ounce) tins, usually with an easy open facility because the amount of shoe polish that needs to be applied is small and the shoe polish will desiccate due to volatile ingredients such as turpentine, a large container would dry out before being fully used. The traditional flat round tins have since become synonymous with shoe polishes.

RECOMMENDATION Shoe polish is recommended to everybody because of the following:i. Allows the leather to retain it’s shineii. Prevents the leather from absorbing water.iii. Allows for easy cleaning of the leatheriv. Covering of scuff marks.v. Provides flexibility of the leather. It is recommended, based on the result obtained in this project that all possible ingredients should be employed in production. Otherwise, close substitutes of these materials (chemical) should be used. It is recommended that Gum Arabic is added to shoe polish to prevent cracking.